The History of Voting Rights in the United States of America

The History of Voting Rights in the United States of America The United States of America is regularly viewed as the perfect of general testimonial by different nations around the globe. In any case, numerous American legislators activists despite everything contend that there is despite everything space for changes in some crucial zones of the government’s center units.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The History of Voting Rights in the United States of America explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Constitutional rights on casting a ballot are in fact one of those segments that have been concurred extraordinary worry in the U.S. history (Donald, 1998). As it would be watched, the U.S. Constitution ensures for generally security of peoples’ freedoms, which are executed through the rule and necessity of the Bill of Rights. The crucial right of partaking in the democratic exercise, as we as a whole know, offers each American resident the chance to effectively participate in the republican ty pe of government inside the states. Clear triumphs are basic in the United States these days attributable to the large worries that are at present routed to the general common and casting a ballot rights. This paper gives a top to bottom framework of the historical backdrop of the democratic rights in the U.S. in respect with Constitutional changes that have been seen so far in the segment. All the more significantly, a portion of the significant difficulties to rise to and reasonable democratic confronting the nation at state, government, and neighborhood races are likewise talked about in this article. The issue with respect to the arrangement of social liberties shielding individuals from the impedance of government just as the arrangement of those social liberties which ensures individuals equivalent investment in a vote based world has consistently involved worry to numerous political researchers and activists. The American democratic rights has been a petulant issue in the cou ntry’s past. Qualification to partake in the democratic exercise can be controlled by both state and Federal law and by and by, just residents are qualified to cast a ballot in America. This notwithstanding, has not generally been the situation. At the point when the U.S. at last accomplished its autonomy in 1776, just a single class of individuals; white, property-possessing guys would appreciate an enormous voice in the administration (Bickel, 1966). The establishment was denied to ladies and every others of shading in the states.Advertising Looking for article on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would really raise a lot of worry as individuals began understanding the estimation of the lacking opportunity and gradually, a consistent walk towards achieving opportunity and equity for everybody would start coming about into significant alterations that would see different residents partaking in the critical exercise. The fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution was spent in the year 1886, offering the privilege of citizenship to previous slaves and transforming them to entire people of the nation (Dinnerstein and Reimers, 1975). Come in 1869, the fifteenth Amendment was passed permitting the dark men to participate in the democratic practice. Be that as it may, most ladies of all races were as yet unfit to assume a job in the activity. 1869 would likewise stamp the start of another time known as ‘Black Codes’ which set a limitation on the rights and opportunity of African Americans in different divisions, among them the opportunity to practice their entitlement to cast a ballot. Limitation techniques, for example, survey charges, scholarly tests, financial weights and danger of physical savagery proposed to stifle these classifications from casting a ballot were seen to be regular inside the Black Codes. This nonetheless, was a brief practice in the changing univer se of the U.S. legislative issues and with time, the Constitution would effectively make casting a ballot in the U.S. an activity for all. Activities to advance the job of ladies in the democratic exercise can be followed back to the 1770s through the mid 1800s. Different shows and developments pushing for ladies rights would happen and come in 1920, the nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution would accord ladies the opportunity to participate in the U.S. casting a ballot work out. Some interval changes to migration and naturalization laws in 1940s and 1950s would likewise open the training to certain classes however only one out of every odd Asian Pacific American. The last obstructions to minority casting a ballot rights in the U.S. at last came in the year 1965, after the sanctioning of the enactment that didn't just authorize the fifteenth Amendment however that would order a countrywide denial on perspectives restricting democratic rights for minorities over the states. Noneth eless, paying little heed to these critical revisions, the American youth despite everything came up short on the option to cast a ballot and it was not until the entry of the 26th Amendment in July, 1971 when they had the option to do so following the decrease of the base democratic age from 21 to 18 years old. Today, the American youth simply like any other person reserve the option to completely acknowledge both their obligation and option to choose their pioneers and agents in the administration (Fowler, 2007).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The History of Voting Rights in the United States of America explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, regardless of these huge government enactment and corrections in the U.S. Constitution on the democratic rights, there are still some prominent difficulties to approach and reasonable execution of the activity. Among the significant difficulties is the race/sex issue whereby elective positions, pri vileges and different advantages accompany one’s status and culture in the class-isolated society of America. Inconsistent and out of line casting a ballot practice in the cutting edge U.S. is likewise liable to result from different mentalities coordinated towards assorted populace where settlers have restricted rights or even no rights at all contrasted with certified American residents. Another enormous test here is that, numerous individuals would be against any type of governmental policy regarding minorities in society essentially for their conviction that it is probably going to damage a feeling of decency. These are a portion of the downsides confronting reasonable and equivalent democratic in present day U.S. what's more, this is the ideal opportunity for solid certifiable activities to be embraced towards revising such disparities, for a superior America. References Bickel, A. (1966). The Voting Rights Cases. The Supreme Court Review, 1966 (67), 79-102. Dinnerstein, L. also, Reimers, D. (1975). Ethnic Americans: A background marked by migration and absorption. History: Reviews of New Books, 4 (1), 17-17. Donald, G. (1998). An Introduction to Arizona History and Government. sixth Ed. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing. Fowler, K. (2007). Misleading Voting Practices and Voter Intimidation in the Wake of United States v. Charleston County. Charleston L. Fire up, 2 (17), 733.Advertising Searching for paper on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More

Respect Army Nco free essay sample

The Noncommissioned Officer Corp is the foundation of an expert armed force. Through genuine hands on encounters, and movement through the enrolled positions, the NCO ought to be in a place of self-assurance and regard, that their position alone should request regard from both enrolled warriors and our officials, in light of the fact that the NCO is in an initiative position, and regarding at any rate their position and authority is required by guideline. The Unite States Army doesn't make the town’s dolt a NCO. A NCO is the person who has been there, done that, and has experienced a floor covering street. They are the ones who get the mission accomplished.The NonCommisioned Officer is the foundation of the military. They are the ones with the experience that is required to be a voice of reason. Customarily, it requires a limited parity of authority capacity and great sound judgment to appropriately impact both the Officers and Junior Enlisted Soldiers to guarantee that each part of a strategic preparing occasion happen to standard. We will compose a custom exposition test on Regard Army Nco or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page NCOs lead, educate, train, coach, manage and care for warriors. Non Comissioned officials are the ones that can bode well out of disarray. Try to avoid panicking under tension (and enduring an onslaught) and are generally answerable for everything that occurs or neglects to occur in the military.Officers arent instructed to walk by officials, they are educated by NCOs. Nobody figures out how to shoot a rifle without and NCO. Essential preparing and certain components of the Officer Basic Course are instructed by NCOs. Without regard to NCOs, you free alot that manages the essential fundementals of good military request and control. Fighters imagine that they reserve a privilege to regard when they join the Army, and they do, however they regularly overlook that the NCOs who are there to lead them have earned theirs. They have been there and done that. The NCO is the thing that makes the military of today. That is actually the motivation behind why you or nobody beneath and NCO

Tradition 7 of the 12 Traditions of AA

Tradition 7 of the 12 Traditions of AA Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print A Study of Tradition 7 in AA The 12 Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 29, 2020 Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use By being self-supporting and declining outside contributions, 12-step groups protect the fellowship structure and basic spiritual foundations. Tradition 7 of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) says, Every group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions. Being Self-Supporting One of the principals of the 12-step support groups is that each member is responsible for his or her own recovery. The first part of Tradition 7 makes it clear that responsibility extends to the members of each local group as it passes the basket for contributions to pay the rent and maintain its literature library. If the group collects more than is necessary to meet its expenses, the group can contribute to its World Service Office, which also follows this tradition by accepting no outside contributions. Although such contributions have fallen off in recent years, they are important in helping to carry the message worldwide. Rejecting Outside Contributions The second part of this tradition addresses the issue of the fellowship not becoming involved with outside issues or conflicts that could arise by accepting outside contributions. If such contributions were accepted the group and its members might feel obligated to make some kind of concessions to the individual or organization making the donation. Declining these contributions keeps the fellowship independent from outside influences. It also cuts out the need to constantly chase donor funding and government grants. As the Internet became a part of  daily life, members of 12-step groups naturally began gathering together online for mutual support. Many of 12-step online support groups (but not all) were able to adhere to Tradition 7 and remain self-supporting, keeping outside advertising off of their websites and out of their online meetings. Taking Responsibility AA member Althea notes the many benefits of this tradition for the alcoholic, the group, and for AA as a whole. Many come to AA at rock bottom, without a job or place to stay. No payment is required at AA, but as the alcoholic gets sober and begins to make progress in other areas of his life, he is able to place a contribution in the basket at the meeting. It makes him responsible for the first time (for many) to take care of himself and give back to the group. Those in AA who have been in the program for years might think they have contributed enough and leave the burden of being financially responsible to newcomers. The AA co-founders understood this and Tradition 7 protects the program from getting outside help. The program shows how an alcoholic who was socially irresponsible came to be responsible. Enhancing Dignity The dignity of the member is also built by allowing him to take care of the groups needs. AA member Tigger notes, For a long time some of us were that pitiful drunk. Some people felt we were only looking for a handout in life. Maybe some of us were, but no more. Now with our pennies, we help  maintain our own sobriety. We need to only rely on ourselves and each other for the most precious gifts: dignity and sobriety. AA member Chuck notes, We didnt and dont take money from outsiders, no matter how kind or well-intentioned. W.H.O. stands for We Help Ourselves.

There Has Been A Growing Gap Between The Rich And Poor

There has been a growing gap between the rich and poor in the world today. This is also known as economic inequality which consists of disproportions in the distribution of income and wealth between rich and the poor. This essay will look into two articles, firstly it will analyze the disparity of wealth between rich and poor in United States. This essay will also try to explain why there is so much inequality by using different sociological theories. According to the Bloomberg (2017) article the gap between the rich and poor in US is widening, the report states, â€Å"the difference in annual income between households in the top 20 percent and those in the bottom 20 percent -- ballooned by $29,200 to $189,600 between 2010 and 2015, based on†¦show more content†¦Whereas a person born in a poor family will struggle to get quality college degree because that person does not have enough money to go to a university. This again shows the differences in social class and what can be archived. Another good example would be nannies. Most of the rich families pay low wages to them when they take care of families’ children. Same thing applies to gardeners who look after the flower gardens or maids who pick and clean laundries. They have no means to move ahead in life meaning they cannot be successful because they earn low wages and depend on paycheck to paycheck lifestyle to survive where there is not much savings. This system of class stratification has been continuing from generations, those who have been born into a wealthier family are supposed to have more chance of getting better education and health and having a head start over society, that remains in the lesser part of wealth. Disparity shadows generation to generation. Moving on, functionalist s theory is constructed on meritocracy and that its functions are education, occupation, income, high and low achievements. â€Å"The meritocracy argument states that those who get ahead in society do so based on their own merit†. (Carls 2013. Pp 31) Functionalist says that we all can climb the ladder which is based upon our accomplishments. As this theory is based on rewards such as higher jobs which means equally higherShow MoreRelatedThe Context Of Growing Economic Interdependence1672 Words   |  7 Pagescontext of growing economic interdependence (globalisation); inequality is both growing within and between nations. In turn, analysing the following the following statement that â€Å"Inequality can undermine economic, social and perhaps even political stability. It can tear the very fabric that holds society together. We now have firm evidence that a severely skewed income distribution harms the pace and sustainability of growth over the longer term. The growing gap between the rich and poor is now atRead MoreSocial Classes Of The Rich And The Poor1535 Words   |  7 Pagespower. It has been seen the most in government with the two political parties of the Democrats and the Republicans. This is evident in other systems because of the increased need in humans to gain and take whatever power that they might be able to. Not far off from government, this is seen in the economy, but it isn’t a longterm, straightforward battle. The two forces fighting against another are the social classes of the rich and the poor. This isn’t a battle for power on the side of the poor, but forRead MoreDisparity Between The Wealthy And Poor874 Words   |  4 Pagesconcerns, and generates the social issue. As time goes on, widening disparity between the wealthy and poor is one of the greatest challenges, and it seriously impedes economic development. Since widening income gap, the number of poor people will increase, and the poor will become poorer. According to Pomeroy (2014, p.1), the wealthy are becoming more wealthy and have more power on â€Å"economic pie† while the poor are becoming poorer through capital accumulation at an extremely rapid rate. As weRead MoreAssessed Essay Question:. ‘The Problem Of Poverty Is A1179 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy and nations’ economic development has been widely accepted by the public around the world. However, people are not subjectively willing to face the increasing economic inequality between the rich and the poor, meanwhile, people are objectively unwilling to accept the reality of wealth polarization. The recent trends of global economic inequality mainly include: the sheer number of impoverished people is increasi ng; the developed countries and a few rich people master the majority of wealth inRead MoreIncome Gap in Canada949 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion One: It is often said that in Canada, â€Å"The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.† Respond. Be certain to differentiate between income and wealth. How has the occupy movement contributed to this debate? Inequality in Canada is a growing problem. As income rises for the rich and remains the same for the poor, a gap is forming between Canada’s highest and lowest earners. This gap has sparked outrage by some, resulting in the Occupy Movement, and apathy in others. HoweverRead MoreEssay about The New International Economic Order1027 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic Order The gap between the rich and the poor is growing more and more every day. Something has got to be done to solve this issue. In 1974 members of the Third World gathered together at the United Nations. Their purpose was to find the answers to solve the gap between the rich and the poor. A total of seventy-seven members proposed the NIEO, hoping this might solve the gap. The NIEO stands for the New International Economic Order. Its aim was to bring the rich and the poor countries togetherRead MoreSo Much Inequality in Our World1677 Words   |  7 Pagesis keep growing. We need to think about why inequality is keep growing and not getting batter as the time goes. Growing inequality is the one of the biggest and most challenging social and economic changes that we have to make. People’s concern these days is inequality about the fact that richest 1% in United States have so much more than anybody else in America, and the fact that a lot of people are suffering from the poverty in United States. Today, the rate of people becoming homeless has increasedRead MoreThe Impact Of A Minimum Wage Increase1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of a Minimum Wage Increase Who gets paid the minimum wage? Well, at some point in our lives we all have been paid the minimum wage. But who are those people earning the minimum wage right at this moment? These are the people who have menial jobs. They work in restaurants, retail stores, bars, and maintenance services (OEA, 9). In 2014, the city of San Francisco proposed an initiative indicating that it would raise the minimum wage to $15 by 2018 (Ballotpedia). So would a typical low-wageRead MoreGender And Race Income Inequality1473 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of human history there has always been a power structure; who is to be on top and who is to be in the bottom. So, it comes to no surprise that America has a growing gap between the wealthy and everyone else. The United States is known as a melting pot and a country full of opportunities for all but it is also the place where upper class makes millions in an hour and the lower class only makes minimum wage. United States thrives on promoting everyone is created and treated equallyRead MoreA Poor Child Of Poverty924 Words   |  4 PagesA poor child sentenced to a lifetime of poverty is caused by the foundations of his or her education. When a child is raised on the losing side of the social spectrum goes to school, it isn’t the school that could potentially bring them out from the depths of poverty, but one that keeps them drowning in the same things their parents did. Unlike the poor, the middle class has a lead way to both sides. They are far enough up the spectrum to work hard to reach the top or give up and hit the bottom and

Brittany Maynards Use Of Physician-Assisted Suicide

When death is brought into conversation, most might think of the elderly peacefully passing away in the night or the opposite with horrific accidents where an individual cannot be saved, but very little do people consider individuals who make the choice to end it all. As all should know, this act is called suicide and most have a negative perception of it. But what if it is for the greater good? In one of many cases, California native, Brittany Maynard, made the decision to end her life after suffering through the pain of debilitating headaches caused by brain cancer. Maynard received help in her departure through the use of physician-assisted suicide. The acceptance of this procedure is very limited seeing as though it is only legal in a†¦show more content†¦Oregon. According to Daniel E. Brannon and his article â€Å"Gonzales v. Oregon (2006)†, this case was brought to attention thirty-one years after the United States had passed the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 when â€Å"the U.S. attorney general attempted to issue an interpretation...which would would prevent physicians from administering the drugs necessary for the assisted suicide process† (2011). The attorney general, John Ashcroft, deemed physician-assisted suicide as an illegitimate medical practice and any doctor who practiced it â€Å"would have their license revoked† (Brannon, 2011). Often, the act is seen as illegitimate because people believe that it is unethical to end ones own life. In cases like murder, it extremely wrong because the dying person had no consent, but when the patient gives consent and has the ultimate power in taking the medication, they should have the right to proceed. Disease In an individual’s decision to apply for physician-assisted suicide, the reasons for which they provide are most likely related to diseases they have or are developing. In Maynard’s case, she had developed brain cancer and in researching cures, found that the effects would leave her â€Å"quality of life...gone† (Maynard, 2014). The treatment called for full brain radiation which would have leftShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Case Against Assisted Suicide1413 Words   |  6 PagesBrittany Maynard was given six months to live after being diagnosed with the deadliest form of brain cancer; she had recently just turned 29. To make matters worse, doctors had told her she would suffer from the tumor in a slow and painful manner before succumbing to death. Maynard decided she would die on November 1, a few days after her husband’s birthday under physician-assisted suicide. Unfortunately, she had to relocate from California, where her friends and family lived, t o Oregon in orderRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Death With Dignity1394 Words   |  6 Pages Playing God or Dying with Dignity For this assignment, I read four articles in all—two that are decidedly against what they call â€Å"assisted suicide†, and two that are decidedly supportive of what they call â€Å"death with dignity†. This has become legalized for terminally-ill patients with prognoses of surviving no longer than six months, first in Oregon in 1998, but since then Washington, California, and Vermont. It has also been legalized in SwitzerlandRead MorePlaying God Or Dying With Dignity1525 Words   |  7 Pagespositive mode and the doctors remedy give us bleak hope†¦We look to other means of consolation to keeps us going or to bring us to a sudden end. For this assignment, I read four articles in all—two that are decidedly against what they call â€Å"assisted suicide†, and two that are decidedly supportive of what they call â€Å"death with dignity†. This has become legalized—for terminally-ill patients with prognoses of surviving no longer than six months—first in Oregon in 1998, but since then Washington, CaliforniaRead MoreThe Debate Of Assisted Suicide1747 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of assisted suicide is very controversial and is heavily debated upon all around the world. While physician assisted suicide is only legal in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and a few states in the U.S., it is illegally practiced widely by physicians and nurses, such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian. I first heard of physician assisted suicide when the death of Dr. Kevorkian, an assisted suicide advocate and a suicide aid, was on the news in 2011. Kevorkian assisted in the suicide of many patientsRead MoreEuthanasi An Ethical And Logical Option952 Words   |  4 Pagescare costs tremendously, and vital organs can be saved and used on patients that are curable. Physician-assisted suicide could help terminally ill people maintain a practical and satisfactory ending to their life. In doing so, it would give the patients time to say goodbye to their families, friends, and loved ones. It would put an end to their pain and suffering with a quick and compassionate death. We use euthanasia to end the pain and suffering on animals, why are we incapable of showing the sameRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Act Of Killing Someone1284 Words   |  6 Pagestype of euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide, which is the use of a particular medicine given to a patient by a doctor to cause a peaceful death. This a very controversial topic when it comes to the subject of terminal or severe illnesses such as cancer and dementia. Brittany Maynard is a well-known example of person who took her own live under Oregon’s aid-in-dying law due to her condition with terminal brain cancer in November of 2014. Instances such as Brittany Maynard’s situation has b roughtRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide2123 Words   |  9 PagesLegalizing physician-assisted suicide can give the dying individual comfort in knowing that they have options. Physicians presently are allowed to relieve the dying of their pain and suffering by administering lethal doses of pain medications. Terminally ill patients should be able to access lethal doses of medicine voluntarily through their physician to allow them the choice of death. Strong morals and ethics surrounding this issue have split society on whether or not physician-assisted suicide shouldRead More`` My Dream `` By Brittany Maynard1655 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"My dream is that every terminally ill American has access to the choice to die on their own terms with dignity. Please take an active role to make this a reality† (qtd â€Å"Brittany Maynard Fund†). Brittany Maynard Diaz, a 29-year-old woman who was diagnosed with Glioblastoma and only given six months to l ive, turned her tragedy into a legacy when she chose to die with dignity. She became an advocate for the â€Å"Compassion and Choices End of Life Consultation or EOLC† program by sharing her story andRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1656 Words   |  7 Pagespatient against their will (NHS Choices). Practicing euthanasia is not about the right to kill; it makes economic sense, does not target the vulnerable, does not lead to horrifying alternatives, and does not violate the Hippocratic Oath. While the use of euthanasia is against the will of God; with the act of euthanasia, allowing people to die with dignity is kinder than forcing them to continue their lives with suffering. â€Å"Euthanasia is making people die, rather than letting them die† (Marker 7)Read MoreA Philosophical Analysis Of Assisted Suicide Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesA Philosophical Analysis of Assisted-Suicide The story of Brittany Maynard is a very tragic one. Brittany was diagnosed with an aggressive form of brain cancer at the tender age of 29. No treatment could save her life and the treatments that were available would have greatly affected her physically, emotionally, and mentally. This diagnoses stripped her of starting a future with her newly-married husband and simply experiencing life to the best of her ability. Knowing this, and knowing that her

Al Qaeda 4 Free Essays

Paper 1 – Al-Qaeda 10/19/10 It would not at all be surprising if this decade comes to be known as the decade of terrorism in years to come. Since the turn of the millennium, terrorism, maybe more than any other global issue or topic, has plagued the world stage with constant news and horror. It can be argued that terrorism is a problem with no solution and no end in sight. We will write a custom essay sample on Al Qaeda 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Islamic militant group, Al-Qaeda, is the most well known terrorist organization in the world. Al-Qaeda has been held accountable for some of the most tragic and horrifying acts of terror in history. Still, many people do not fully understand what Al-Qaeda is, who is behind it, and why it exists. A fluid, agreed-upon definition does not exist for the extremist organization, run by Osama bin Laden and responsible for the September 11th terrorist attacks, but rather a multitude of beliefs on the number, strength, and whereabouts of Al-Qaeda. Most researchers and historians point to August 11th, 1988 as the origin of Al-Qaeda as an organized group. However, it was the events leading up to this meeting that caused Osama bin Laden and a small group of extremist leaders to officially organize what had grown into a large, strong Islamic following. From December 1979 through February 1989, the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Afghanistan. The communist Soviet Union allied with the Afghan Marxist regime in order to fight the native Afghan mujahideen (Burke and Allen). The United States channeled funds to the native Afghanis in order to stop the spread of communism by the Soviet Union in a CIA program called Operation Cyclone. There are many people today that are of the belief that it was this CIA program that kick started Al-Qaeda, and that the US was directly responsible for the growth and success of the same terrorist organization that executed the most devastating attack on US soil (Dixon). Once the war ended, Osama bin Laden met with the leader of the Egyptian Islamic-Jihad, Abdullah Azzam and planned to expand their newly founded organization. Al-Qaeda relocated to Sudan from 1992 to 1996. During this time, Al-Qaeda grew through various forms of terrorist attacks, until the Saudi Arabian government exiled Osama bin Laden and forced him and his followers to once again relocate to avoid conflict (Bergen). After the Soviets left Afghanistan, there was a period of great turmoil and anarchy that took hold. There was no established form of government, and many separate groups claimed the rights to certain territories throughout the country. This was the perfect time for bin Laden and Al-Qaeda to return home and regain power in Afghanistan. They teamed up with the Taliban, an organization that garnered its strength through the education and training of children. The Taliban had been the most successful group to rise to power, and many recognized them as the governing entity in Afghanistan. With the protection and support from the Taliban, bin Laden was able to mobilize and organize Al-Qaeda into a dominant and strategically planned terrorist organization (Burke and Allen). Al-Qaeda’s mission has been summarized as â€Å"centralization of decision and decentralization of execution. In other words, bin Laden hoped to form a group in which he and a few close advisors would set out guidelines and make decisions for the smaller cells that would then spread around throughout the world and execute his attacks. Structurally, Al-Qaeda is formed just like any other corporation, with senior executives at the top and then smaller, less powerful roles towards the bottom. Bin Laden is the emir, which is the highest power in t he organization, almost king-like. Ayman al-Zawahiri is Al-Qaeda’s Deputy Operations Chief, and is known as bin Laden’s second in command. Similar to other organizations and corporations, Al-Qaeda has several divisions that handle issues specific to their role. First, the Military Operative is the most destructive and infamous. It is responsible for training soldiers, acquiring weapons, and planning attacks around the world. Second, the Money/Business Committee is responsible for providing the funding for the training operatives and attacks, using the hawala banking system (informal value transfer system that is not used in the United States). The Law Committee rules on whether certain actions follow Islamic law. The Islamic Study/Fatwa Committee issues religious edicts, also known as fatwas, that the rest of the organization and even the territory it controls must follow. For example, in 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a fatwa that all Muslims should kill any American if given the chance. The most recent addition to Al-Qaeda has been the formation of As-Sahab, Al-Qaeda’s media outlet that supplies video and audio recordings and sends them out to the rest of the world (Inside Al-Qaeda). Tapes of bin Laden have been released to the United States where he takes responsibility for the September 11th attacks, as well as numerous other hateful speeches about the evils of Western culture and perceived Muslim intolerance. Although there is a large following of people that believe Al-Qaeda has been dismantled and broken down since the War on Terror, evidence still points to a structurally organized and strategically planned organization in which each department works in conjunction with each other to carry out acts of terror. Osama bin Laden is advised by a Shura Council, estimated to consist of twenty to thirty members, who make plans and decisions for the entire organization. They recently released a document called â€Å"Al-Qaeda’s Strategy to the Year 2020† in which they outlined their military, political, and religious goals for the organization in the upcoming years. The strategy can be summarized into five stages. First, provoke the United States into invading a Muslim country. This was successfully executed once the United States invaded Afghanistan following the September 11th attacks. Second, incite local resistance to occupying forces. This way, Al-Qaeda creates the enemy and turns the natives against the foreign invaders, thereby leaving them as the only reliable solution to restore â€Å"peace†. Third, engage surrounding countries in the war so that the United States is trapped in a â€Å"long war of attrition†. Fourth, convert Al-Qaeda into a set of operating principles and ideologies that can be franchised into smaller countries and smaller cells. Then, these cells will engage the United States and its allies until they can no longer fight and must withdraw. Al-Qaeda was able to do this with the 2004 Madrid train bombings, but failed to impact British involvement with the July 7, 2005 London bombings. Finally, the fifth stage, which has thankfully yet to occur, is that the United States’ economy will crumble due to too many engagements in too many areas, and any allied nations supported by the United States will fall as well. Al-Qaeda will then be able to take control and set up the desired form of government, a Wahabi Caliphate, throughout the region (Atwan). Al-Qaeda has been responsible for several acts of terror in the 1990’s and 2000’s that were designed with the intent of furthering Al-Qaeda’s mission. In 1992, Al-Qaeda successfully executed its first terrorist attack. Two bombs were detonated in Aden, Yemen. The first target was Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel. Although no Americans were killed and it went with little notice in the United States, the attack did signify the first attack on Western culture by Al-Qaeda. Then, in 1993, Ramzi Yousef used a truck bomb to explode one of the World Trade Center towers. The plan was that the bomb would crumble the foundation of the first tower, sending it into the second tower and resulting in the collapse of both. Although the plan did not work to perfection, it did kill six people and put Al-Qaeda on the radar as a potential threat to American security. There were several other attacks in the late 1990’s, such as the bombing of the U. S. S. Cole, a military destroyer based off of Yemen that killed 17 US servicemen (Terrorism Project). However, no attack in history has come close to the tragedy of September 11th, 2001. The September 11th attacks were the culmination and result of Al-Qaeda’s growth, organization, and mission. Once bin Laden was able to mobilize the extremist followers, he was ready to execute the first stage of its mission strategy. On September 11th, Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airliners. The hijackers flew two planes into both towers of the World Trade Center, eventually collapsing both towers into debris and destruction. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon, and a fourth was originally intended for Washington, D. C. , but crash-landed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. These attacks left 3,000 people dead and countless injured, allowing it to be the worst attack in American history (Bin Laden). Following the attacks, an extreme sense of national unity erupted in the United States, and George Bush’s administration had no choice but to wage war against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime. The War on Terror began on October 7, 2001 with the first set of US troops landing in Afghanistan. The original plan was executed swiftly and successfully, and by early 2002, Al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow. Many of its top executives and leaders were either captured or killed, and many of its training facilities and bases were destroyed. By the end of 2004, the United States government estimated that two-thirds of Al-Qaeda’s most senior figures had been captured and interrogated by the CIA. However, Osama bin Laden was able to escape each attempt at capture, and is still believed to be hiding out in an undisclosed location. Overall, the initial strike in the War on Terror was deemed a success, even though the aftermath has divided the nation and raised serious questions about the United States’ involvement in the Middle East (9/11 Commission Report). The world changed forever on September 11th, 2001. Aside from the tragic consequences and the unfathomable death toll, a new evil was officially born into the world. There had been terrorist attacks before, but none that shook the United States, and the world stage, as much as September 11th did. As a result, this decade has been plagued by fear of terror. New organizations and strategies have emerged that solely engage in counter-terrorist activities. Airport security has been completely revamped following an extreme fear in almost all Americans that caused aviation activity to decrease significantly after the attacks. So, after all that Al-Qaeda has been accused of, and after all the intense fear that spread throughout the country, why is it that there are still such differing beliefs and theories on Al-Qaeda? Why do some people believe that, for the most part, it has become a brand name that smaller terrorist groups use, but in reality have no real affiliation with the defeated organization? And on the other hand, why are there people who strongly contest these views and believe that Al-Qaeda is still a functioning, organized militia run by Osama bin Laden? I am not sure whether there is a right or wrong answer, but a serious concern in the minds of both beliefs is that terrorism, as a threat, could be one that proves insolvable. Works Cited â€Å"The 9/11 Commission Report. † National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Atwan, Abdel Bari. The Secret History of Al-Qaeda. Los Angeles, California: University of California, 2006. Google Books. Bergen, Peter. â€Å"The Osama Bin Laden I Know. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Bin Laden Claims Responsibility for 9/11. † CBC News. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Burke, Jason, and Paddy Allen. â€Å"The Five Ages of Al-Qaida. † Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian. co. uk. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . Dixon, Norm. â€Å"How the CIA Created Osama Bin Laden. † Green Left Weekly. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Inside the Alqaeda Terrorist Network. † Middle East: MidEastWeb. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"List of Known Terrorist Organizations. † CDI – Center for Defense Information – Security Policy Research Organization. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . How to cite Al Qaeda 4, Papers

Oh yeah Essay Example For Students

Oh yeah Essay David OcampoHonor English IV2/21/02The Use of Sound in Shakespeares Sonnetsby Barbara Herrnstein Smith This article argues that Shakespeares use of the meter, or general structure of sounds, in his poetry is as significant to his style as his metaphors, figurative language, and images. Shakespeare used developed techniques, however, he executed them more effectively. Shakespeare was able to execute the iambic to sound natural, similar to natural speech, rather than artificial and mechanical, as it usually sounds. Shakespeare was also able to manipulate words to create musical sounds with combinations and repetitions of vowel and consonant sounds. The article states that Shakespeare was able to master the musical potentialities of the language. This was perfectly executed through his use of complex distributions of phonetic elements, and operating with the internal rhythm, producing the true harmony of well-tuned sounds. Also, Shakespeare was able to manipulate the iambic meter to sound similar to natural speech. Traditional iambic meter poetry has a tendency to sound artificial and mechanical. However, Shakespeare was skillful enough to dominate the techniques of English poetry and, thus, was able to avoid the distorted natural emphasis of speech and evaded the mechanical regularity of thumping in such poetry. TIPS FOR WRITING YOUR REPORT?Plan the report. Select an idea or topic for your report. Gather information for your report. Identify the information you want to include in your report. Remember you should have at least three ways to support the main idea of your report. Include details and specific information that will help you make your point. Write a draft. Review what you have written. Try reading the report out loud. It can help you catch mistakes. Check spelling and punctuation. Each sentence should begin with a capital letter and end with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. Create the final report. ?Add interest. Use graphs and charts to illustrate an idea. Include a picture, photo, drawing, or map. Find a quotation, and use it to make your point. ?Make every word count. Choose words your reader will understand. Remember you want to communicate your idea to the person reading your report. Avoid clichs. Use a thesaurus to replace overworked words and find new ways to express your ideas. Words/ Pages : 359 / 24

The states foreign policy

Architectural promenade Essay Example

Architectural promenade Essay Example Architectural promenade Paper Architectural promenade Paper It depends on a new conception of the function of the wall. The unit of design is no longer the cubic room but the free-standing wall, which breaks the traditional box by sliding out from the beneath the roof and extending into the landscape. This concept of architecture of flowing space, channeled by free-standing planes plays an important role in Mies later development and reaches its supreme expression in the Barcelona Pavilion of 1929. zone houses. the living, sleeping and service areas were isolate from one another in wings, separated by courts. From the horizontal line roofs, the compostion was not at rest, was not concluded or resolved, and so parted a powerful sense of dynamic. This the flow of space was force to the edge. This space became less dense in progressive contours as it ran outwards from the centre. Mies used this spatial technique to define a hierarchy of sub-spaces whitin the plan. Bathrooms, kitchens and storage space are densely confined in the centre of the plan, asn as the volume became frer towards the perimeter, so the use of space implicitly become of more consequence. Mies desing for the Tugendhat House conceived the entrance and supplementary rooms at street level. Sloping level sites provoked house desing that usually either swept out horizontal into space on concrete stalks, or used the space enclosed between a flat rood at the upper level and the slope below to give a descending arrangement of floor level culminating in a double-height section. Analysis of sectional organization Analysis of relationship between interior and exterior The court houses were girdled within walls, intovertedly, with the glazed interior spaces looking out to gardens, thence to the enclosures beyond. Instead of forming a closed volume, these independent walls, joined only by planes of glass, create a new ambiguous sensation of space. Indoors and outdoor are no longer easily defined, they flow into each other. Both horizontal and vertical screens, creating a low of space between interior and exterior. But at the same time, Mies demonstrated a new structural principle, the separation of structural elements from screening elements. Eight chrome-sheeted cruciform columns defined the space, while screen of onyx, marble and clear transparent glass channeled it. In terms of spatial continuity/discontinuity The feeling of endless, flowing space was increased by the hug, floor-to-ceiling panes of glass which formed the outer walls. In terms of fai ade expression and interior arrangements The bold structural pattern in the work of Mies van der Rohe lies in the plan. The transparency of the skin revealed the dynamic strength of the plan, repeated thirty times. Later, the plans become more symmetrical and static, the life on the inside was expressed in the classical order and refinement of the exterior; the quality of the plan can only experience at the ground level. There other means had to be found to express it in the facades. Despite the complex interior, the exterior design is so quiet that one is apt, at first glance, to miss the subtle proportions of the window band and the stairwell. Consideration of qualities of architectural promenade (how the project structures our movement through the building) In all of them aesthetic character depends on movement contained within rigid limits. The few simple elements to which Mies has reduced buildings have been admired for their serenity. But the inner movement they provoke is restless and inexorable. The interiors of Mies most original buildings are like landscapes or city streets. Between their walls the spectator may pause but seldom rest; always there is something around the corner.

Accounting Princeple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting Princeple - Essay Example (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, 2010 p21) This is a write-out set to discuss the issue of professional ethics of accounting breach and more specifically it will pick one case that has occurred relating to this, which is a documented example. The study will give a comprehensive unfolding of events of this case. The case to be discussed is that of Bernie Madoff, who was sentenced in mid-year 2009 for his involvement in investors’ defrauding. This went down as one of the largest cases of its kind. Bernie was sentenced to a 150-year jail term. This process of defrauding commenced few decades before 2009 and the main set up to deceive investors was the Ponzi scheme that was to pose as an investment management organization. The firm operating this kind of business was Bernard L. Madoff Securities Limited Liability Company. In such aforementioned scheme, the manager just utilizes money obtained from the new entrant investors to cater for the payment of the already existing ones. This, thus, is a payment not based on the firm’s returns as would have been expected professionally. Ponzi schemes are renowned for their rapid caving in, but the case of Bernard was different. He was popular, reputable as well as a person with strong personal contacts, which enabled his prolonged survival. (Reeve, Duchac and Warren, 2011 p5) The Bernard Madoff case according to bizcovering.com website was that of a mega-thief. He was an auditor in New York. This auditor was discovered to have been appending signatures upon financial statements that were fraudulent. Following the scandal, an employee of Bernard Madoff, Friehling is facing a jail term as well. The fraudulent actions occurred from 1991 through 2008 and they were organized from the storefront set up in New York. The conviction of Mister Friehling was because of several ethically incorrect issues in the field of accounting with the inclusion of abetting as well as aiding adviser

(1) immigration opinions( Analysis paper) and (2) Dorothy's diary Essay

(1) immigration opinions( Analysis paper) and (2) Dorothy's diary - Essay Example The poems and pictures however scorn the immigrants indirectly where they are portrayed as filthy and strange and talk in â€Å"accents of menace.† This presents a contradiction between the foreigners’ attitudes and behavior. In the text by Josiah, the immigrants are defined in terms of their benefits to the foreigners which contrast with the poem and the photos but it however leads to the same conclusion of how unwelcome they are in the foreign land despite the political advantages they might bring to the foreign country. Josiah Strong in his essay talks about the immigrants having only two influences to the foreigners: moral and political influences. In the moral influences, immigrants are described as individuals who have no moral or religious training or have only little of the training and hence cannot compare to the foreigners. The â€Å"strange speech† of the immigrants and their beliefs are viewed as demoralizing and the change from the native to the foreign country makes them have temptations of the foreigners hence demoralizing them even further. They are seen to be the majority perpetrators of crime in their foreign land an indication of their lack of morals. The political aspect is different and it is the immigrants who influence the foreigners. The foreigners seeking political power use the immigrants to gather the votes by getting them in the churches or using their socialist ideologies in their campaigns. Majority of the immigrants join the Catholic Church and the Mormon Church and that is where the politicians target to get their votes and make promises to the poor, naà ¯ve and hopeful immigrants. The immigrants in the end are however seen to pollute the civilization and ways of life of the foreigners through their influx in the cities. They are in the end therefore a threat and not so much of a blessing. In the picture â€Å"The Modern Moses,† immigrants are seen crossing the ocean to

Cultivation of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty)

Cultivation of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty) Cultivation of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) in deeper-seawater of South Sulawesi, Indonesia Petrus A. Wenno Abstract. The culture of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in shallow water is at present increased in accordance with the necessity to multiply biomass. This economic commodity is highly demand for its polysaccharide. However, an effort to expand the cultivation area is difficult to several places. This problem may be overcome by employing some hanging rafts at different depths. This research was carried out for 49 days under three different treatments, i.e., two morphological types (green and brown), three initial seedlings (50, 100 and 150g) and five different water depths (100, 250, 400, 550 and 700 cm). The result showed significant differences in growth and biomass among three treatments (P Keywords: Kappaphycus alvarezii, deeper water, daily growth rate, biomass, carrageenan Introduction. The culture of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii has been conducted in almost around Indonesia waters recently since it was first introduced (Adnan and Porse 1987). Normally, the culture take place in shallow waters at a depth of about 10 meters, but not all waters can be utilized for culturing. Seaweed biomass obtained through longline technique in shallow waters can produce about 12 tons acre yr-1 (Dahuri 2012). The product can reach 48 tons acre yr-1 when vertical technique is deployed in deep water (Hurtado and Agbayani 2002). Deep water area can be used as a productive culture site when meet the requirements of seeds quality, the initial weight and water depth. The utilization of deep waters should be in agreement to the status of coral reefs around the location as an essential requirement for obtaining higher biomass production (Chandrasekaran et al. 2008). High biomass production achieves through deep water culture system (Hurtado-Ponce et al. 1996) suggest that the deep water can be used for large-scale cultivation. Sahoo et al. (2002) and Sahoo and Ohno (2003) suggest that water comes from deep column is very rich in nutrients and can be used alternatively as laboratory culture media and cultivation media for Kappaphycus and other types of seaweed. However, the use of deep water has several constrains related to physical and chemical characteristics, cultivation equipment and proper environment to make it usable. As an important commodity with high market demand, cultivation of K. alvarezii requires broader area in order to meet market demand (Nurdjana 2010). There are few studies related to growth and carrageenan content generating in shallow waters (Hurtado et al. 2008; Naguit et al. 2009). However, there were not many studies dealt with growth and the yield of carrageenan in deeper waters. This study was aimed to assess the growth of K. alvarezii in deeper waters based on different strains, initial weights and depths of the waters that affect growth, biomass and the yield of carrageenan. 2 Material and Method. Seedlings of green and brown strains of K. alvarezii were obtained directly from the cultivation area in the Takalar Regency of South Sulawesi. These seeds were used after three days acclimatization. Good seeds are the young plants with their tips still sharp and in conical shape (Neish 2005). The seeds were then put at hanging raft (Figure 1) and monitored for 49 days for growth, biomass and carrageenan yield. Hanging rafts (Wenno 2014) were designed to replace hanging rope techniques (Hurtado et al. 2001). Each raft consists of two PVC pipes (L = 200 cm, à ¸ = 5 cm) filled with a mixture of concrete cement which served as the weigh. Both PVC pipes connected by two pieces of wood (H x W x L: 5 x 7 x 400 cm) at the end to form a raft. The total area of raft is 8 m2 (W x L: 200 x 400 cm). Some nylon strings (à ¸ = 4 mm) with the length of 4 m were used to connect both PVC pipes and functioning as a binding place for seaweed seeds. The distance between the nearest two strings was 20 cm. The raft was hung in the water column with the help of the buoy ropes (à ¸ = 10 mm) and was placed at different depths (100, 250, 400, 550 and 700 cm). The buoy was made of Styrofoam (H x W x L: 40 x 50 x 50 cm). During operation, the first raft was connected to the second; the second raft was connected to the third and so on until the fifth at a maximum depth of 700 cm. The hanging rafts construction was t hen tied to the anchor ropes (à ¸ = 12 mm), meanwhile the anchor was made from flour sacks filled with sand (Figure 1). buoy water line nylon ropes hangring rafts PVC with concrete cement inside sandbags anchor raft, view from above Figure1. Hanging rafts construction, viewed from frontage (Source: Wenno 2014) Seaweed seeds were then tied to the span ropes according to tie-tie technique (Goes and Reis 2010). Seedlings from different initial weights (50, 100 and 150 g) were tied to the twin knot ropes (à ¸ 1 mm). The closest distance between two nodes was 20 cm. Seeds of different strains and different initial weight (250, 500, 750 g) were placed on different rafts at different depth. Samplings were carried out for seven consecutive weeks. Data were then used to calculate daily growth rate (DGR) which was determined weekly using the following formula of Dawes et al. (1993) in Hurtado et al. (2001) as follows: à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ºÃƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦= à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ º à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  0 1à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ Ãâ€"100 Where : DGR = daily growth rate (%) à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ = fresh weight at day t à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  0 = initial fresh weight t = time interval of measurement (7 days) 3 Seaweed biomass was recorded at the end of experiment and expressed as fresh weight of seaweed per unit culture area (g.m-2), and computed with the following formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…’= à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡Ã¢Ë†â€™Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  0 à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Where: Y = biomass production à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ = fresh weight atday t à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  0 = initial fresh weight A = area of 1 m2 raft. The measurement of carrageenan contents (yield) following the formula suggested in Hayashi et al. (2007) and Hung et al. (2009): à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…’à °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶= à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ Ãâ€"100 Where: YC = carrageenan content (%) à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ = weight of carrageenan extract (g) à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ = dry weight of analysed thallus (g) Three factor analysis of variance according to Zar (1999) were used to analyse the experiment data and was performed with SPSS v 21 software. Subsequent analysis with Tukeys HSD test was computed when there were significant differences among treatments with level of significance (P Results and Discussions. Daily growth rate of Kappaphycus alvarezii shows the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth which was highly significant (P0.05). Further test showed that the highest daily growth rate of green and brown strains was obtained at the initial weight of 100g, which tend to be the same (2.84%). It was related to the density of plant (Hurtado et al, 2008), leading to rapid growth in the initial weight. Daily growth rate at the initial weight of 100g was influenced by the interaction between solar radiation, temperature, nutrient and water movement (Santelices 1999), and causing absorption of nutrients faster than other initial weights. Absorption of nutrients was influenced by the density of plants (Azanza-Corrale et al. 1996). Daily growth rate of K. Alvarezii of green and brown strains tend to be the same. The highest similarity daily growth rate in green strain was achieved at the depths of 100 and 250 cm (2.55%), and the lowest one was at 700 cm depth (2.23%). The highest similarity daily growth rate in brown strain was also achieved at the depth of 100 and 250 cm (2.83%), and the lowest one was at a depth of 700 cm (2.57%). The highest daily growth rate of green and brown strains associated with the movement of water (Santelices 1999). The movement of the water at that depth was turbulent, consequently reduce the thickness of water that is not mixed in the boundary layer (Neish 2005), and the absorption of nutrients in this depth is faster. Glenn and Doty (1990) suggested that the absorption of nutrients during the fast flowing water between thalli is higher for ammonium at a lower depth than for nitrate at the higher depth. The absorption of ammonium by seaweed is more important than nitrate (Dy and Y ap 2001; Raikar and Wafar 2006). Similarly to daily growth rate, biomass production of K. alvarezii showed the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth which was highly significant (P0.05). The highest biomass production of green strain was achieved for the initial weight of 100g (10,219 g.m-2), and the lowest with the initial weight of 50g (6,709 g.m-2). The highest biomass production of brown strain was found for the initial weight of 150 g (11,450 g.m-2), and the lowest one with the initial weight of 50g (7,479 g.m-2). The highest biomass production achieved was related to the density of K. alvarezii thalli (Hurtado et al. 2008) that affect the circulation of nutrients. With the initial weight of 100g the biomass production of green and brown strains gained was two times higher than the initial weight of 50g. The 4 biomass production of green strain with the initial weight of 100g was optimal and may not be increased above this initial weight whilst the biomass production of brown strain can be increased up to the initial weight of 150g. The highest biomass production of green strain can be obtained at a depth of 100 cm (9,172 g.m-2) and of brown strain at a depth of 250 cm (10,522 g.m-2). The similarity of the highest biomass production of both strains obtained at depths of 100 and 250 cm. The highest biomass production similarity of brown strain was achieved at 100 and 250 cm depth. This is related to the absorption of nutrients in the lower depths which is faster than that of the higher depth (Neish 2005). Turbulent water movement causes the thickness of the boundary layer between the water and thalli reduced and accelerated the diffusion of nutrients into thalli (Neish 2005). Biomass production of K. alvarezii was influenced by the interaction between nutrients and the movement of seawater among thalli (Santelices 1999). The yield of carrageenan in K. alvarezii shows the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth and was highly significant (P0.05). The yield of carrageenan of green and brown strains was obtained with low initial weight. The yield of green strain obtained with the initial weight of 50g was higher (15.06%) than that of the brown strain (12.33%) of the same initial weight. The yield of green and brown strains was higher at the higher depths when compared to the lower depths. The highest yield of carrageenan in green strain was obtained at a depth of 550 cm (14.71%) and brown strain at the depth of 700 cm (12.18%). The highest yield of carrageenan is the result of the interaction between depth and the initial weight at a depth of 700 cm with the initial weight of 50g (14.70%), followed by the initial weight of 100 g (13.25%) and the initial weight of 150g (11.95%). The results showed that the yield of carrageenan in both strai ns was not in line with the daily growth rate. It was found that the yield of carrageenan in this study was contrarily with the finding of Hurtado et al. (2008) with a long line cultivation technique, which yields an increase in line with the daily growth rate. In this study, carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii green and brown strain increases with the depth and corresponding with the increasing level of carotenoid which obtained at the highest carotenoid level at a depth of 700 cm for both strains. Carotenoid acts as antenna pigments for absorbing light in the process of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. However, carrageenan yield in this study is lower than the findings of Hayashi et al. (2007) and Distantina et al. (2011). Conclusions. Daily growth rate of K. Alvarezii green and brown strains was influenced by the initial weight and tend to be reduced by an increasing of depth. Biomass production was also reduced by the increasing depth with the highest biomass of green strain obtained with lower initial weight, and brown strain with higher initial weight. The yield of carrageenan increased according to depth with the highest yield was observed at green strain compare to brown strain. To obtain higher biomass and carrageenan yield, cultivation should be done at a lower depth for green strain and at a rather lower to higher depth for brown strain. Acknowledgements. This study was supported by BPPS grant of DGHE from Ministry of Education and Culture Affair of Republic of Indonesia. The author would like to thanks Mr. Akrim Djusdil, Chairman and Mr. Mus Mulyadi, Analyst of PT. Bantimurung Indah in Maros Regency of South Sulawesi for their help; and thanks also to Daeng Bani the seawee

Bullying Is a Legal Crime Essay

On September 18, 2011 a 14-year-old Jamey Redeemer took his life after years of bullying. The news spread in a blink of an eye. The whole country mourned. Jamey cried for help for months. He regularly posted online about being bullied at school and how people would launch insults at him. Soon, students started to bully Jamey online. They posted horrible things like â€Å"I wouldn’t care if you died. No one would. So just do it 🙂 It would make everyone WAY more happier!† Jamey left several messages on his blog letting everyone know that he was in trouble and needed help. But still no one listened. On Saturday night he posted a lyric from Lady Gaga’s song on his Facebook page which said: â€Å"Don’t forget me when I come crying to heaven’s door.† In a few hours he wrote that he was looking forward to seeing his great grandmother, who recently died. It was Jamey’s final message. (â€Å"Suicide: Police Consider Criminal Bullying Charges†) As identified by the the United States Department of Justice, bullying has two key components: repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. â€Å"It involves repeated physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him- or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient.†(â€Å"Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series†) In other words, children are verbally and physically assaulted by their peers every day. At school, bullies rip their victim’s self-esteem to shreds while theirs gets high. It has become a huge problem in the U.S. Nearly 160 000 students stay home and miss school everyday due to the fear of being bullied. 20% of all children say they have been bullied and 20% of high school students say they have seriously considered suicide with the last 12 months. By age 24, 60% of bullies have a criminal record. (â€Å"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Home Page, a Part of the U.S. Department of Education†) As a matter of fact, bullying can occur almost anywhere. At home. At work. At school or even on the street. It becomes a very widespread, invisible threat. Statistics go that that one out of 4 boys or girls will be bullied sometime throughout their childhood. (â€Å"The United States Department of Justice†) The media started to pay more attention to the problem of bullying recently. While it is seemingly impossible to defeat, it can be overturned. This is possible if parents get involved, students are taught how to identify and stop bullying, and if individuals stand up for and support the victims and bullies. These solutions overtime will definitely bring bullying to its demise. One of the widespread questions is who truly a bully is, why does he or she behave in such a way or another. For the most part, bullies are the kids who feel insecure about their beliefs and appearance or who are the victims of bullying. In that case, bullying becomes a mental defense for the victims. â€Å"A number of researchers believe that bullying occurs due to a combination of social interactions with parents, peers and teachers. The history of the parent-child relationship may contribute to cultivating a bully, and low levels of peer and teacher intervention combine to create opportunities for chronic bullies to thrive (as will be discussed later).† (â€Å"Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series†) A child that comes from a poor, abusive and usually one-parent family will probably end up a bully. Being picked on at school or simply rejected by the peers, kids tease smaller ones just to feel better about themselves and release negative energy. Tracy Vaillancourt, Canada Research Chair in children’s mental health and violence prevention at the University of Ottawa claims that there are two types of bullies. The first type is the habitual bullies. â€Å"They tend to be really impulsive and have poor emotional regulation. And that represents about 10 per cent of kids who bully others.† (â€Å"Interview: Who’s a Bully?†) Basically, Tracy Vaillancourt is saying that this type of a bully is the most rare one, but at the same time it is the most severe and brutal. It more or less becomes a disease that requires an immediate medical intervention. The point is that this type of a bully is the easiest to identify: it is usually impulsive kids who get into trouble in school for bad behavior. The second type of a bully is everyday kids. According to Tracy Vaillancourt, â€Å"they tend to be really popular; because they have power, they can abuse power.† It is the hardest type of a bully to identify. Therefore, it is the most dangerous one. Parents usually get blindsided when their kid might be bullying someone. They take their child’s side, and it is completely natural. Parents want to protect their son or daughter no matter what. Unfortunately, they don’t realize that they do more harm than good and that the consequence of such parenting behavior can be catastrophic. â€Å"In terms of childhood abuse and bullying, it is possible that intrusive, flashback memories of these traumatic events occur in adolescence and adulthood.† (â€Å"Society and Psychosis†) In other words, the authors of the â€Å"Society and Psychosis† believe that a victim of bullying will suffer psychological harm for almost the rest of his or her life. Moreover, a bullied child is more likely to develop a criminal record or get psychiatric disorder and mental illness than his or her peers. (â€Å"Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series†) At this point, suicidal behavior becomes a real threat. And numerous teenage suicides and suicidal attempts are an alert and a call to action to all of us. As bullying becomes a serious problem, people try to come up with different ways of solving it. Different programs, developed to stop or at least reduce bulling, almost every time pay much attention to the parents and teachers. On the one hand, I agree that authorities including but not limited to parents, teachers and professor are capable of maintaining a positive surrounding for the kids creating a safe, free from bullying environment. But on the other hand, I still insist that those authorities are not the key to solving this problem. Bullying has been identified as a potential threat for a long time. This issue has been discussed many time at the different forums and summits, and all kinds of programs were introduced to stop it. But, apparently, it’s not working. Most of the teachers don’t even care about their students lives, since it’s not their business. That’s the way things are in my home country Russia. Teachers go to the classes, give lectures and go back home. They view their job as a way to educate students on a particular field of study. When, in fact, teachers are mentors for children or at least that’s what the have to be. They should set an example of a loving, accepting, tolerant human being who is willing to help and support a person in need whether it’s a student, colleague or a friend. The most important thing is that the first step in stopping bullying has to be made by us, the ones who are often easily affected by it. Every each one of us can contribute to solving this problem and making the world a better place. First of all, we have to change the climate of the school environment and stop putting the power in the hands of the teachers, or the government. I don’t believe they have the answers. I believe we do. It is out lives after all. The truth is that there’s no law that can be passed on the federal level to stop or prevent bullying. The public school system in the U.S. is operated by state laws that are hard to pass. (â€Å"Bullying Prevention State Laws†) Rather than dealing with the legal system, we should come to an understanding that we have the power to make a shift in how people view bullying and react to it. It is not an over night thing. It has to become a cultural change, a movement of tolerance, love and acceptance. Another thing is that people pay too much attention to cyber bullying and consider it as the major dangerous form of bullying. But, truthfully, it’s really not. It’s the most visible because you can see all the hate mails and comments online. The worst bullying experience is face to face, on the street, in the school, at home. There has to be a support system in our communities. We need to change the way kids think about themselves. There has to be a suppÐ ¾rt system around every human being that can help anyone build confidence in themselves and others. The work has to be done from the ground up. Creating a climate and an environment in schools where everyone feels safe has to become a priority today for parents, school administration, teachers and students themselves. By doing little acts of kindness, we will create a loving and accepting environment. Just come to a friend or a person you don’t know. Say a compliment or how good the weather is today, or simply: you look great. These are the things that are going to chÐ °nge the culture and make a huge shift in how people communicate and react to bullying in a particular environment. Just set an example. Because teenager are very impressionable. And if you set an example, the rest will follow. Find a friend. Tell somebody in your life, someone important or maybe someone you don’t know about love, tolerance and acceptance. It is not gonna be just the experts that are going to change things. It is going to be all of us. As we all know, life is an energy. And we are responsible for the energy we bring into this space. Every action has an opposite and equal reaction. If you insult someone, the negative energy you put onto them will come back to you. By brining negative energy onto those people, you are making them bring negative energy onto others. Firstly, empowering youth is one of the keys to stopping bullying. All of us have to set an example of brave and tolerant human beings. It has to become cool to be the person that says that something’s not quite right here, that help is needed here. For whatever reason, students tend to ignore the acts of bulling or teasing in school. They go to classes, do their homework, hand in the paper, go home†¦ Students notice the violence, happening in schools, but the do not speak about it. There needs to be attention that is payed to looking for signs of violence and bullying. When students start to look up for each other, then the major shift is made. Secondly, using a multifaceted, comprehensive approach will definitely decrease the percentage of bullied kids. This approach includes establishing a school-wide policy that addresses indirect bullying, providing guidelines for teachers and, most importantly, students on specific actions to take if bullying occurs, encouraging students to report known bullying, to be supportive to classmates who may be bullied and educating and involving parents so they understand the problem and the importance of it. I believe that each of us comes with a gift – to use our lives, to bring goodness to the world, to connect with other people. Every single person, whether it’s victim of violence or the person who committed the violence,has one thing in common: we all want to know that what we do and what we say and who we are matters. We want to be validated. Every single person. Every argument is really about: do you see me, do you hear me, does what I say mean anything to you? Come up to a girl who always seats alone at the canteen, talk to her. Maybe you will be the one who’ll make her day. Be loving, accepting and tolerant. Only this way we’ll create a kind, free from violence and bullying environment.

Individuals with Behavioural Difficulties Essay

When working in the care industry whether that is with the elderly, mental health or children it becomes apparent that you as an individual become empowered by virtue of being primary care for that specific individual hence being an influential figure in any individual’s life recovery and rehabilitation. Due to this factor we have had many horrific incidents which have involved individuals in a position of power and whom have abused this trust and disregarded legislation, policy and procedure to continually systematically abuse service users in a vulnerable position. It is no secret that this has happened and still continues today within places of care. This is the purpose of the new legislative law updated and reviewed to combat and eliminate such barbaric behaviours displayed by so called supportive staff members in supposedly places of secure safe environments. Look more:  emotion focused coping definition essay The purpose of legislative law is to filter new and reform existing legislation through to the relevant policies and procedures within specific places of work. So to summarise the purpose of legislation in terms of managing difficult behaviours is that it functions to safe guard the vulnerability of service users in places of care which predominantly gets feed down through governing bodies to the policies and procedures file within the office within your place of work. It can be looked upon as a code of good practice with regards how to deal with vulnerable adults whom display challenging behaviours within places of care. When working within such an environment it is almost expected to receive challenging behaviour due to the different backgrounds and diagnosis the service users have so it would not be acceptable to react within such a way as you would when away from the unit due to the very essence of the clientele we deal with. This is not to say we are not in a vulnerable position to so we are legally permitted to utilise restraint techniques which is in the form of an in depth restraint course which covers  floor, escorting and seated restraints for the safety of the service user, other service users and also the safety of your fellow support staff within the workplace. This form of restraint is always the last line of defence it is paramount to utilise the different approaches available to return the service user to his baseline without putting hands on a client. 1 (1.2) The reason for such care institutions is specifically to rehabilitate and educate service users in the acquisition of knowledge regarding them to facilitate them to utilise coping strategies in the effort of recovery and rehabilitation rather than punitive based techniques. There are a massive variety of different approaches and methods when attempting to change an individual’s behaviour. We will target only a specific few that are more prevalent within today’s industry. The methods and approaches will include motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, solution-focused therapy and adult learning methods these will be the approaches and methods that I will expand upon throughout the chapter. CBT is a form of talking therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. It focuses on how you think about the things going on in your life, your thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes (your cognitive processes), and how this impacts on the way you beha ve and deal with emotional problems. It then looks at how you can change any negative patterns of thinking or behaviour that may be causing you difficulties. In turn, this can change the way you feel. CBT tends to be short, taking six weeks to six months. You will usually attend a session once a week, each session lasting either 50 minutes or an hour. Together with the therapist you will explore what your problems are and develop a plan for tackling them. You will learn a set of principles that you can apply whenever you need to. You may find them useful long after you have left therapy. CBT may focus on what is going on in the present rather than the past. However, the therapy may also look at your past and how your past experiences impact on how you interpret the world now. The concept of motivational interviewing evolved from experience in the treatment of problem drinkers, and was first described by Miller (1983) in an article published in Behavioral Psychotherapy. These fundamental concepts and  approaches were later elaborated by Miller and Rollnick (1991) in a more detailed description of clinical procedures. Motivational interviewing is a semi-directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Compared with non-directive counseling, it’s more focused and goal-directed. Motivational Interviewing is a method that works on facilitating and engaging intrinsic motivation within the client in order to change behavior. The examination and resolution of ambivalence is a central purpose, and the counselor is intentionally directive in pursuing this goal. Motivational interviewing recognizes and accepts the fact that clients who need to make changes in their lives approach counseling at different levels of readiness to change their behavior. During counseling, some patient may have thought about it but not taken steps to change it while some especially those volunt arily seeking counseling, may be actively trying to change their behavior and may have been doing so unsuccessfully for years. In order for a therapist to be successful at motivational interviewing, four basic skills should first be established. These skills include: the ability to ask open ended questions, the ability to provide affirmations, the capacity for reflective listening, and the ability to periodically provide summary statements to the client. Motivational interviewing is non-judgmental, non-confrontational and non-adversarial. The approach attempts to increase the client’s awareness of the potential problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks faced as a result of the behavior in question. Alternately, therapists help clients envision a better future, and become increasingly motivated to achieve it. Either way, the strategy seeks to help clients think differently about their behavior and ultimately to consider what might be gained through change. Motivational interviewing focuses on the present, and entails working with a client to access motivation to change a particular behavior, that is not consistent with a client’s personal value or goal. Warmth, genuine empathy, and unconditional positive regard are necessary to foster therapeutic gain (Rogers, 1961) within motivational interviewing. Another central concept is that ambivalence about decisions is resolved by conscious or unconscious weighing of pros and cons of change vs. not changing (Ajzen, 1980). It is critical to meet patients/clients where they are (Prochaska, 1983), and to not force a client towards change when they have not expressed a desire to  do so. Motivational interviewing is considered to be both client-centered and semi-directive. It departs from traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy through this use of direction, in which therapists attempt to influence clients to consider making changes, rather than non-directively explore themselves. Solution focused brief therapy (SFBT), often referred to as simply ‘solution focused therapy’ or ‘brief therapy’, is a type of talking therapy that is based upon social constructionist philosophy. It focuses on what clients want to achieve through therapy rather than on the problems that made them seek help. The approach does not focus on the past, but instead, focuses on the present and future. The therapist or counselor uses respectful curiosity to invite the client to envision their preferred future and then therapist and client start attending to any moves towards it whether these are small increments or large changes. To support this, questions are asked about the client’s story, strengths and resources, and about exceptions to the problem. Solution focused therapists believe that change is constant. By helping people identify the things that they wish to have changed in their life and also to attend to those things that are currently happening t hat they wish to continue to have happen, SFBT therapists help their clients to construct a concrete vision of a preferred future for themselves. The SFBT therapist then helps the client to identify times in their current life that are closer to this future, and examines what is different on these occasions. By bringing these small successes to their awareness, and helping them to repeat these successful things they do when the problem is not there or less severe, the therapists helps the client move towards the preferred future they have identified. Adult learning theory is part of being an effective educator involves understanding how adults learn best. Andragogy (adult learning) is a theory that holds a set of assumptions about how adults learn. Andragogy emphasises the value of the process of learning. It uses approaches to learning that are problem-based and collaborative rather than didactic, and also emphasises more equality between the teacher and learner. Andragogy as a study of adult learning originated in Europe in 1950’s and was then pioneered as a theory and model of adult learning from the 1970’s by Malcolm Knowles an American practitioner and theorist of adult education, who defined andragogy as â€Å"the art and science of helping adults learn†. Knowles  identified the six principles of adult learning outlined below. Adults are internally motivated and self-directed Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences Adults are goal oriented Adults are relevancy oriented Adults are practical Adult learners like to be respected 2 (2.1) When we discuss behaviours it is imperative to understand why these behaviours are being displayed and it is often something which appears very minor to care staff but it can be interpreted as a big dilemma to the individual in question. When understanding the reasons for behaviours there can be many reasons for them but here is a few more common examples, culture, gender, beliefs, personality, illness, medication side effects, family, personal occasions etc. These are all contributing factors as to why individuals will display certain behaviours. Within the unit it has been noticed that a specific factor i.e. family contact can have a huge effect on a certain individual in our care. Due to the fact that this individual has very minimal contact with his family (personal choice) when this individual does eventually get to speak with his close family it can conjure up many different feelings within and can cause indirect behaviours within the unit. Feelings such as abandonment, not loved, singled out, why? These contributing factors will mix together and inevitably have to be released e.g. become withdrawn, aggressive, depressed (low). Now the staff team have highlighted this concern and a concise care plan has been put into place and agreed by the individual it can be monitored and dealt with more effectively in the requisition for this individual to eventually become more comfortable when discussing and contact the family. 2 (2.2) When we discuss the influence of the environment and behaviour of other individuals we are basically referring to the place in which these individuals reside e.g. the psychiatric hospital or the community home etc. These environments can play an enormously important role in the behaviours of individuals whom are observing they can be easily influenced by others  actions and will tend to mimic or act up to the situation or incident. It depends on the individuals in question but what can happen in a unit which is occupied by more than one service user is that individuals will observe (audience effect) and will either react in three different ways. The individual will either adopt and mimic the behaviour being displayed thus causing a major incident or the individual will remove themselves or will confront that individual or group of individuals having an incident thus again causing problems for the unit. 3 (3.1) When working in an area such as mental health it is imperative from the beginning to ensure you adopt a professional relationship and maintain this as long as you remain in the care system. It has been said to me that a good rule to follow is that of firm, fair but fun but not forgetting that there are constant boundaries that should be followed throughout your working career and not to be crossed. The working relationship is so important within mental health due to the fact specific clients will have blurred boundaries or have no boundaries at all so it is imperative as support staff the clearly and quickly introduce clear concise boundaries for service users. The working relationship has to remain purely professional for a number of reasons but mainly for the safety of the service users and that they do not miss interpret signals given by support staff and un intentionally cross the boundaries. If the professional working relationship is followed it can create a healthy relationship between support staff and service user and the avoidance of blurred boundaries. This is not to say that service users will not try and test the boundaries of specific staff members as this is commonplace within the area of mental health but as professional support worker it needs to meet with a firm approach and dealt with in a professional manner.

Essay about Improv is a Labor of Love in the Theater

Improv was always an intimidating faction of theater. Though there is no planning or scripting, no matter when or where the show was it always seemed a labor of love. Something that was worked on for an extreme length of time but really it was formed from the performers mind only a second before the audience saw it. Even though I have done theater and dance in the past, improv always seemed something that I was never good at. From watching performances, tv programs, or improv workshops, it always looked like an art form that I could never learn or use besides the stage. With last weeks class, that all seemed to change. I saw that improv could be used in many different factions of life. Providing new life skills and practices that cam†¦show more content†¦Hayden posses creativity traits that I feel I posses as well. Sensitivity is the first one which allows for Hayden to take the pulse of his audience. By using sensitivity, he can learn how is audience is feeling. When Hay den first starting speaking, he started by being serious and working humor slowly into his speech. By doing this he could see how open or sensitive his audience was not only to him but to comedy. Being in a classroom setting a certain type of humor is appropriate but when dealing with a class that is full of his peers, Hayden had to figure out which one was better and he found it through sensitivity. I need to use sensitivity when I present my findings to clients, colleagues or even future employers. Being a history major and wanting to work in a museum setting, I must have sensitivity towards the people I speak with about history. Topics, people and certain events may be off the table depending on who you speaking too. This trait will always me to teach and be respectful to those I interact with. The next creativity trait is flexibility. Hayden used flexibility not only in comedy improv but when he presented. There were times when his presentation went offtrack but he found a way to tie it back all together and still get his message across. Flexibility is also something I possess since for my career I need to stay on my toes being ready for the different questions IShow MoreRelatedBlue Man Case Study Essay10220 Words   |  41 Pagesplayed the accordion and the piano. After high school, Phil attended the Evangel College of Arts and Science in Springfield, Missouri. Despite – or because of – being rather shy, he was attracted to theater and studied voice. He graduated in 1983 with a dual major in religious studies and theater arts. He decided his future was in acting but that he wasn’t ready for New York or Los Angeles, and would return to Savannah for a year or two first. In 1986, he headed for New York to study acting and